ملاك
04-01-2004, 08:03 PM
English Grammar
Tenses
1. The present tenses/
They are two kinds of present tenses in English: A. the present continuous, as/ I am working. B. And the simple present, as/ I work.
The present continuos/
The present continuous tense is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary ver to be + the present participle (the infinitive + ing". . As
I am working – you are working – he is working etc.
The negative is formed by putting not after the auxiliary/
I am not working – you are not working – he is not working etc.
The Interrogative is formed by inverting subject and auxiliary:
Am I working? – Are you working? –Is he working etc.
Negative interrogative/
Am I not working? – Are you not working? –Is he not working? Etc.
Summary الأمثلة باختصار
The present continuous tense of the verb to work/
I am working I am not working Am I working?
You are working You are not working Are you working?
He is working He is not working Is he working?
We are working We are not working Are we working?
You are working You are not working Are you working?
They are working They are not working Are they working?
Contractions: to be can be contracted (تختصر) in the present affirmative, negative and negative interrogative as shown below:, so the present continuous tense of any verb can be contracted*
I’m working I’m not working Aren’t I working?
You’re working You’re not working Aren’t you working?
He’s working He isn’t working Isn’t he working?
NB/ note the irregular contraction for am I not.
The simple present tense/
The simple present has the same form as the infinitive but adds an s for the third person singular/
Infinitive/ to work
Simple present: I work, you work, he/she/it works. Etc.
The negative is formed with the present tense negative of the verb to do + the infinitive (without to) of the main verb:
I do not work-you do not work- he/she/it does not work. Etc.
The interrogative is formed with the present tense interrogative of to do + the infinitive (without to) of the min verb:
Do I work? - Do you work? - Does he/she/it work. Etc.
The simple present tense of irregular verbs is formed in exactly the same way:
The simple present tense of the verb to work form:
I work I do not work Do I work? Do I not work?
You work You do not work Do you work? Do you not work?
He works He does not work Does he work? Does he not work?
You work You do not work Do you work? Do you not work?
The work They do not work Do they work? Do they not work?
Normally contracted as below:
I don’t work – he doesn’t work – don’t I work? Doesn’t he work?
Also/
We say* he smokes. Dogs bark. Cats drink milk. Birds fly.
Report speech
BASIS:
It is always necessary to change the verb when you use reporter speech if you are reporting and you feel that it is still true.
BILLETS/
* Cussedness abalienation from direct into indirect about present put that + abalienation
Present into past.
* Cussedness تكون sentence fact Cussedness Abalienation pied sentence fairness Abalienation as he she + eking that.
Report speech
· pronouns:
* I/ you, he, she, and I.
* You/ he she, you, and I.
* We/ we, they.
* Then/ they.
* He/ he.
* She/ she.
*It/ it.
· Adverbs/
* Now/ then.
*Here/ there.
* This/ that.
* These/ those.
* Today/ that day.
* To night/ that night.
*Yesterday/ the day before.
* last week/ the week before.
* Last month/ the month before.
* Last year/ the year before.
Report speech
* Tomorrow/ the following day.
* Next week/ the following week.
* Next month/the following month.
* next year / the following year.
· Examples/
1) he said / I sleep early every day.
He said he slept early every day.
2) she told me , ‘ I am watching TV now ,
she told me that she was watching TV then .
3) we have been talking to the minister , she told me .
she told me they had been talking to the ministers.
Report speech
*exam:
1)´΄ he will study his lessens hard `` I said
---------------------------------------------------.
2) my father is in hospital .
-------------------------------.
3) nor & Ana’s are getting married next day .
-----------------------------------------------------.
4) Joanna has had a singer.
----------------------------------.
5) gorge is looming to the party .
--------------------------------------.
6) Shakera passed his examination.
------------------------------------------.
7) Yore cans singer my song shaped good.
------------------------------------------------.
8)Ricky likes Christina .
---------------------------.
9) Brittany is feeling happiness.
Grammar targets
1. a special verb + infinitive
E.g.: I plan to buy a car.
2. ‘to be’ + going + infinitive
E.g.: I am going to buy a car
3. The present continuous + time adverb
e.g.: I am buying a car next week. (I have already made some arrangements.)
4. we can talk about changed plans with the past form of ‘be going’ + infinitive:
E.g.: I was going to buy a car. (‘But I am not going to now.)
5. We can plan for other people with ‘to be’ + infinitive:
You are to meet the manager at 10.00 a.m.
6. We can use a similar form to talk about our own immediate plans:
e.g.: I am (just) about to meet the manager.
We use ‘remember’ and ‘remind’ to talk about memories and reminders.
1. remember + ing = memory
E.g.: I can remember my mother wearing it.
2.remind + to do = reminder
e.g.: Remind me to set the alarm clock.
Gerund and Infinitive
The verbs want and would like (meaning want) always take the infinitive:
· She wanted to get a job. * He would like to go to Africa.
The following verbs usually take the infinitive: promise, encourage, war, remind, decide, agree, refuse, offer, help, manage, and tend:
· They helped me to decorate the living-room.
The following verbs usually take the gerund: spend/waste (time), finish, dread, understand, mind, consider, miss.
· Would you mind coming with me?
1 . متى نستخدم المبني للمجهول ؟
نستخدم المبني للمجهول عندما يكون الفاعل غير مهم في الجملة .
مثلا: The door was opened. فتح الباب
coffee is grown in Brasil. القهوة تزرع في البرازيل
في الجملة الأولى " فتح الباب " لا يهمنا من الذي فتح الباب بقدر ما يهمنا عملية فتح الباب. كذلك في الجملة الثانية لا يهمنا من الذي يزرع القهوة بقدر ما يهمنا عملية زرع القهوة.
كيف يتكون المبني للمجهول ؟
PRESENT - حاضر
…… SINGULAR – مفرد is+past participle
PLURAL – جمع …………. are+past participle
PAST ماضي
SINGULAR – مفرد ….. was+past participle
PLURAL – جمع ……… were+past participle
بتكون المبني للمجهول بوضع الفاعل + is /are + past participle في المضارع
و was /were + past participle في الماضي.
مثلا:
المضارع المفرد: - The house is cleaned everyday
………………البيت ينظف كل يوم
المضارع الجمع - Monkeys are found in forests
……………..القردة توجد قي الغابات
الماضي المفرد: The telephone was invented in the last century.
……………أخترع التليفون في القرن الماضي.
الماضي الجمع: - The books were put on the table.
……………الكتب وضعت فوق الطاولة
و بالتـــوفيق ...
Good Luck :gg:
Tenses
1. The present tenses/
They are two kinds of present tenses in English: A. the present continuous, as/ I am working. B. And the simple present, as/ I work.
The present continuos/
The present continuous tense is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary ver to be + the present participle (the infinitive + ing". . As
I am working – you are working – he is working etc.
The negative is formed by putting not after the auxiliary/
I am not working – you are not working – he is not working etc.
The Interrogative is formed by inverting subject and auxiliary:
Am I working? – Are you working? –Is he working etc.
Negative interrogative/
Am I not working? – Are you not working? –Is he not working? Etc.
Summary الأمثلة باختصار
The present continuous tense of the verb to work/
I am working I am not working Am I working?
You are working You are not working Are you working?
He is working He is not working Is he working?
We are working We are not working Are we working?
You are working You are not working Are you working?
They are working They are not working Are they working?
Contractions: to be can be contracted (تختصر) in the present affirmative, negative and negative interrogative as shown below:, so the present continuous tense of any verb can be contracted*
I’m working I’m not working Aren’t I working?
You’re working You’re not working Aren’t you working?
He’s working He isn’t working Isn’t he working?
NB/ note the irregular contraction for am I not.
The simple present tense/
The simple present has the same form as the infinitive but adds an s for the third person singular/
Infinitive/ to work
Simple present: I work, you work, he/she/it works. Etc.
The negative is formed with the present tense negative of the verb to do + the infinitive (without to) of the main verb:
I do not work-you do not work- he/she/it does not work. Etc.
The interrogative is formed with the present tense interrogative of to do + the infinitive (without to) of the min verb:
Do I work? - Do you work? - Does he/she/it work. Etc.
The simple present tense of irregular verbs is formed in exactly the same way:
The simple present tense of the verb to work form:
I work I do not work Do I work? Do I not work?
You work You do not work Do you work? Do you not work?
He works He does not work Does he work? Does he not work?
You work You do not work Do you work? Do you not work?
The work They do not work Do they work? Do they not work?
Normally contracted as below:
I don’t work – he doesn’t work – don’t I work? Doesn’t he work?
Also/
We say* he smokes. Dogs bark. Cats drink milk. Birds fly.
Report speech
BASIS:
It is always necessary to change the verb when you use reporter speech if you are reporting and you feel that it is still true.
BILLETS/
* Cussedness abalienation from direct into indirect about present put that + abalienation
Present into past.
* Cussedness تكون sentence fact Cussedness Abalienation pied sentence fairness Abalienation as he she + eking that.
Report speech
· pronouns:
* I/ you, he, she, and I.
* You/ he she, you, and I.
* We/ we, they.
* Then/ they.
* He/ he.
* She/ she.
*It/ it.
· Adverbs/
* Now/ then.
*Here/ there.
* This/ that.
* These/ those.
* Today/ that day.
* To night/ that night.
*Yesterday/ the day before.
* last week/ the week before.
* Last month/ the month before.
* Last year/ the year before.
Report speech
* Tomorrow/ the following day.
* Next week/ the following week.
* Next month/the following month.
* next year / the following year.
· Examples/
1) he said / I sleep early every day.
He said he slept early every day.
2) she told me , ‘ I am watching TV now ,
she told me that she was watching TV then .
3) we have been talking to the minister , she told me .
she told me they had been talking to the ministers.
Report speech
*exam:
1)´΄ he will study his lessens hard `` I said
---------------------------------------------------.
2) my father is in hospital .
-------------------------------.
3) nor & Ana’s are getting married next day .
-----------------------------------------------------.
4) Joanna has had a singer.
----------------------------------.
5) gorge is looming to the party .
--------------------------------------.
6) Shakera passed his examination.
------------------------------------------.
7) Yore cans singer my song shaped good.
------------------------------------------------.
8)Ricky likes Christina .
---------------------------.
9) Brittany is feeling happiness.
Grammar targets
1. a special verb + infinitive
E.g.: I plan to buy a car.
2. ‘to be’ + going + infinitive
E.g.: I am going to buy a car
3. The present continuous + time adverb
e.g.: I am buying a car next week. (I have already made some arrangements.)
4. we can talk about changed plans with the past form of ‘be going’ + infinitive:
E.g.: I was going to buy a car. (‘But I am not going to now.)
5. We can plan for other people with ‘to be’ + infinitive:
You are to meet the manager at 10.00 a.m.
6. We can use a similar form to talk about our own immediate plans:
e.g.: I am (just) about to meet the manager.
We use ‘remember’ and ‘remind’ to talk about memories and reminders.
1. remember + ing = memory
E.g.: I can remember my mother wearing it.
2.remind + to do = reminder
e.g.: Remind me to set the alarm clock.
Gerund and Infinitive
The verbs want and would like (meaning want) always take the infinitive:
· She wanted to get a job. * He would like to go to Africa.
The following verbs usually take the infinitive: promise, encourage, war, remind, decide, agree, refuse, offer, help, manage, and tend:
· They helped me to decorate the living-room.
The following verbs usually take the gerund: spend/waste (time), finish, dread, understand, mind, consider, miss.
· Would you mind coming with me?
1 . متى نستخدم المبني للمجهول ؟
نستخدم المبني للمجهول عندما يكون الفاعل غير مهم في الجملة .
مثلا: The door was opened. فتح الباب
coffee is grown in Brasil. القهوة تزرع في البرازيل
في الجملة الأولى " فتح الباب " لا يهمنا من الذي فتح الباب بقدر ما يهمنا عملية فتح الباب. كذلك في الجملة الثانية لا يهمنا من الذي يزرع القهوة بقدر ما يهمنا عملية زرع القهوة.
كيف يتكون المبني للمجهول ؟
PRESENT - حاضر
…… SINGULAR – مفرد is+past participle
PLURAL – جمع …………. are+past participle
PAST ماضي
SINGULAR – مفرد ….. was+past participle
PLURAL – جمع ……… were+past participle
بتكون المبني للمجهول بوضع الفاعل + is /are + past participle في المضارع
و was /were + past participle في الماضي.
مثلا:
المضارع المفرد: - The house is cleaned everyday
………………البيت ينظف كل يوم
المضارع الجمع - Monkeys are found in forests
……………..القردة توجد قي الغابات
الماضي المفرد: The telephone was invented in the last century.
……………أخترع التليفون في القرن الماضي.
الماضي الجمع: - The books were put on the table.
……………الكتب وضعت فوق الطاولة
و بالتـــوفيق ...
Good Luck :gg: